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Ulcer, and its curative measures.

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Mesothelioma (A silent killer)

Mesothelioma, more precisely malignant mesothelioma, is a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs, the mesothelium. It is usually caused by exposure to asbestos.

Its most common site is the pleura (outer lining of the lungs and internal chest wall), but it may also occur in the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity), the heart, the pericardium (a sac that surrounds the heart) or tunica vaginalis.

Most people who develop mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles, or they have been exposed to asbestos dust and fiber in other ways. It has also been suggested that washing the clothes of a family member who worked with asbestos can put a person at risk for developing mesothelioma. Unlike lung cancer, there is no association between mesothelioma and smoking, but smoking greatly increases the risk of other asbestos-induced cancers. Compensation via asbestos funds or lawsuits is an important issue in mesothelioma (see asbestos and the law).

The symptoms of mesothelioma include shortness of breath due to pleural effusion (fluid between the lung and the chest wall) or chest wall pain, and general symptoms such as weight loss. The diagnosis may be suspected with chest X-ray and CT scan, and is confirmed with a biopsy (tissue sample) and microscopic examination. A thoracoscopy (inserting a tube with a camera into the chest) can be used to take biopsies. It allows the introduction of substances such as talc to obliterate the pleural space (called pleurodesis), which prevents more fluid from accumulating and pressing on the lung. Despite treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or sometimes surgery, the disease carries a poor prognosis. Research about screening tests for the early detection of mesothelioma is ongoing.

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Respiratation (Attributed to the supreme being)

Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration in a typical eukaryotic cell.

Cellular respiration, also known as 'oxidative metabolism', is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy. It is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions that involve the oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another.

Nutrients commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include glucose, amino acids and fatty acids, and a common oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) is molecular oxygen (O₂). Bacteria and archaea can also be lithotrophs and these organisms may respire using a broad range of inorganic molecules as electron donors and acceptors, such as sulfur, metal ions, methane or hydrogen. Organisms that use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in respiration are described as aerobic, while those that do not are referred to as anaerobic^[1].

The energy released in respiration is used to synthesize ATP to store this energy. The energy stored in ATP can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes.

HIV in Nigeria

The history of HIV in Nigeria

The first two cases of HIV and AIDS in Nigeria were identified in 1985 and were reported at an international AIDS conference in 1986.⁶ In 1987 the Nigerian health sector established the National AIDS Advisory Committee, which was shortly followed by the establishment of the National Expert Advisory Committee on AIDS (NEACA).

At first the Nigerian government was slow to respond to the increasing rates of HIV transmission⁷ and it was only in 1991 that the Federal Ministry of Health made their first attempt to assess Nigeria's AIDS situation. The results showed that around 1.8 percent of the population of Nigeria were infected with HIV. Subsequent surveillance reports revealed that during the 1990s HIV prevalence rose from 3.8% in 1993 to 4.5% in 1998.⁸

When Olusegun Obasanjo became the president of Nigeria in 1999, HIV prevention, treatment and care became one of the government’s primary concerns. The President’s Committee on AIDS and the National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA) were created, and in 2001, the government set up a three-year HIV/AIDS Emergency Action Plan (HEAP). In the same year, Obasanjo hosted the Organisation of African Unity’s first African Summit on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Other Related Infectious Diseases.⁹

In 2005 a new framework was developed covering the period from 2005 to 2009.

Despite increased efforts to control the epidemic, by 2006 it was estimated that just 10 percent of HIV-infected women and men were receiving antiretroviral therapy and only 7 percent of pregnant women were receiving treatment to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.¹⁰

In 2010 NACA launched its comprehensive National Strategic Framework to cover 2010 to 2015, which requires an estimated N756 billion to implement.¹¹ Some of the main aims included in the framework are to reach 80 percent of sexually active adults and 80 percent of most at-risk populations with HIV counselling and testing by 2015; ensure 80 percent of eligible adults and 100 percent of eligible children are receiving ART by 2015; and to improve access to quality care and support services to at least 50 percent of people living with HIV by 2015.¹²

Despite being the largest oil producer in Africa and the 12th largest in the world,¹³ Nigeria is ranked 158 out of 177 on the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Poverty Index.¹⁴ This poor economic position has meant that Nigeria is faced with huge challenges in fighting its HIV and AIDS epidemic.

NORTHERNERS SUE JONATHAN FOR HIS PRESIDENTIAL DECLARATION

Two members of the Bauchi state chapter of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), have commenced legal fireworks in a bid to stop President Goodluck Jonathan from contesting in the forthcoming presidential election on the platform of the party.

The two PDP members, Comrade Adamu Isa and Ladan Aliyu, yesterday dragged the party and the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) before a Federal High Court, Abuja, seeking an order to restrain the PDP and INEC from fielding and admitting a presidential candidate from any geo-political zone other than from the North.

The duo want the court to direct INEC to reject any list of presidential candidates submitted to it by PDP, violates the zoning policy of the party, under which the Presidency is supposed to remain in the North from 2007 to 2015.

In an originating summons, the Plaintiffs are praying the court to order PDP to, as a matter of duty, observe and enforce the observance of the zoning policy in the election for the Office of the President, in view of the combined effect of the provisions of paragraphs 2(c) and (d) of the preamble and Articles 7.1 (c) (ii) and sections 14 (3) and 224 of the country’s Constitution, which the party resolved to uphold by Article 7.2 (a) and (c) of PDP’s Constitution 2006.

The originating summons filed by Abubakar A. Malami (SAN), on behalf of the Plaintiffs, pointed out that the party’s meeting held on December 2, 2002, among other things, recognised and prescribed the zoning of the Presidency between the South and the North.

A 10-paragraph affidavit in support of the originating summons and deposed to by Barrister Ahmed Zumaru from A.A. Malami Chambers, pointed out that PDP sanctioned the zoning arrangement in 2002, at its national caucus meeting on the enforcement of the principles of power-shift and power-sharing, by rotating key political offices amongst the diverse peoples of the country, and devolving powers equitably between the Federal, state and local governments, in the spirit of true federalism.

The affidavit noted that: “The sale of nomination form by the PDP to President Jonathan and his (Jonathan) declaration of intention to contest for president under the platform of the PDP are in breach of the Constitution of the Peoples Democratic Party, 2006 (as amended).

“That the appropriate executive committee of the PDP empowered to enforce the provision of the party Constitution deliberately ignored, refused or failed to so enforce the provisions relating to the policy of rotation and zoning of party and elective offices as enshrined in the constitution of the Peoples Democratic Party 2006 (as amended), 1999 constitution of Nigeria and the resolution reached at the meeting of the party on 2nd December, 2002,” the affidavit pointed out.

It stated that unless there is an order of restriction, PDP is set to allow candidates outside the Northern region of Nigeria to contest for nomination in its primary election slated for January 22, 2011, saying the PDP is obliged to submit to INEC a list of the candidates it proposes to sponsor at the presidential election not later than 60 days before election.

It averred that the Plaintiffs’ constitutional right to the sustenance of the policy on zoning, as established by the PDP Constitution and the resolution reached at the meeting of the party on December 2, 2002, was defeated by the sale of nomination forms to presidential candidates other than candidates of Northern extraction.

No date has been fixed for hearing of the suit, which was filed yesterday

Where is one Nigeria?

99% of Nigerians in support of Jonathan

Posted by Naija Proper on Sep 23 2010

These are the kinds of useless uneducated idiots that fill up our political space across the length and breadth of the country. Any wonder why nigeria is so backwards and underdeveloped? Useless fools. Instead of them discussing how to move the masses from poverty to a better life, Nyako and his bofoons are talking about zoning? All these people need to be publicly executed!!!

Posted by Onari on Sep 23 2010

...to reject any PDP presidential candidate who is not from the northern region.*****************so PDP is now for notherners? i hope PDP looses as it can not agree on a unifying candidate. i hope the party implodes. this could be the unravelling of the mighty PDP. @truck pusher the PDP stallwarth, where are you? you have been missing in action for over a month. the umbrella is not keeping the rains and heat anymore? your input is...well! you know.

Posted by raymond on Sep 23 2010

these 2 spoiler are not representing the intrest of this countary Nigeria people have spoken what then is there problem, when late Rimi contested against the former preisident was nyako not alive this will not be allow to plung this countary into the hand of an endless time table of democatic form of government again.

Posted by Andee on Sep 23 2010

Why is the whole north peeing in their pants just because of GJ? Election is about credibility and acceptance. If any one from the north feels they have what it takes to challenge GJ, let them stop all this confussion strategy and face him in the primaries. If they win we will all vote them. Who among them has anything to offer? Who, who who....?

Posted by adetilewa@keromail.com on Sep 23 2010

in as much as i dont believe in Jonathan, he have every right to contest, if the Northern people feel cheated, we have over 55 parties,let them join one and try to win if they can. why the cry over PDP

Posted by adam galla on Sep 23 2010

Many of the contributors here miss the point or are merely choosing to look the other way. The zoning policy of the PDP stipulates that it is turn of the north to present the party nominee. Jonathan can certainly run under a different platform if he so chooses...whatever happened to the rule of law? As for the Northern elites crying wolf, that's what you get for your backbiting treachery..

Posted by Moore on Sep 23 2010

You guys should spend your time looking after your families and stop making yourselves relevant unneccessarily. Go and look for credible northerner to face Jonathan if you don't want him there and stop filling pages of our news papers with your shameless moves around. Does any of you has anything to offer? The political space is what I will urge Nigerians to clean, if not, a Saint or Messier can't perform in this our corrupt environment o.

Posted by rapsody on Sep 23 2010

Nigeria is really on the brink.....!!!

Posted by sami on Sep 23 2010

@ adetilewa They will not join any of the other 55 parties because they all know PDP has strong machinery, techniques and skills for winning elections by crook, hook, bloodshed, gunpoint, that's why they are all clamoring to get the PDP ticket

Posted by Tanchico on Sep 23 2010

These persons obviously would want the constitution of PDP to supercede the nation's statutes. Abomination!!! If they cannot accept Jonathan they should self-destruct. Nigerians, especially me, prefer GEJ. Indeed the court should make pronuncement on this issue once and for all. I am sick of this PDP bulls..t

Posted by Tanchico on Sep 23 2010

Ndi oshi!!. Trying to reap where they did not sow; riding on the crest of tiger to glory!! Ole, Barawo!! Yawa don gass!!!

Posted by Koloman on Sep 23 2010

FOOLS...THE PDP CONSTUTION Article: 7.2c. In pursuance of the principle of equity, justice and fairness, the party shall adhere to the policy of rotation and zoning of party and public elective offices and it shall be enforced by the appropriate executive committee at all levels. "Zonal" - This refers to each of the geo-political entities viz North East, North Central, North West, South East, South West, South South. Where in the constitution did it say Zone A shall rule for X terms and Zone X terms. The PDP could never have anticipated that a President will die in office. Its now the turn of the South.

Posted by tutu on Sep 23 2010

Is PDP constitution superior 2 d Nigeria constitution?

Posted by Peter E. on Sep 23 2010

Court! Why it will be a waste of time (1) PDP allowed members from other zones to contest against Obasanjo though presidency was zoned to the south then-this a formidable precedence (2) Globally, Nigerian constitution permits him.

Posted by jerry rawlings on Sep 23 2010

I wonder why these 'Northerners' are not backing Nuhu Ribadu. You guessed right: he will not allow them to loot the treasury with impunity like they would under a PDP Northerner like IBB.

Posted by ikubabayeye on Sep 23 2010

These buffoons are effectively asking the court to formally recognise tribalism and go against one of the fundamental principles of the Nigerian constitution. Just imagine these two clowns as state governors or Federal ministers. No wonder the country is in such a big mess.

Posted by General sam bockerie on Sep 23 2010

@adam galla,pls was d zoning policy in d pdp constitution in 1999 wen rimi contested against obj??or is rimi an illiterate who could nt understand d letters of d pdp constitution?think wat cud hav happened if he had won.wat abt 2003 wen atiku almost routed obj at d pdp primaries?assuming he had succeeded,are we goin 2 tel him 2 step dwn bcos its against d pdp constitution??wat did u in particular do at educating him on d virtues of zoning?wat of odili in 2007?yaradua only defeated him by a very narrow margin then..interestingly,in al ds scenario,al our apostles of zoning were sleeping ko? While i hav no biz wt zoning bcos its a tool in d hands of economic saboteaurs 2 keep holding nigeria hostage nd even hate d pdp as an assemblage of looters,i am strongly of d view dat he dat comes 2 equity shd do so wt clean hands.given d above circumstance,kn u really conclude dt d hands of d north are clean??

Posted by lets get serious on Sep 23 2010

i think the strategy Jonathan is using is not working anymore. You can't put all your eggs in one basket, other sotherners should contest to end this whole confusion. Any i think Saraki is a better candidate than any of them. Go to Kwara and see

Posted by ArewaMan on Sep 23 2010

It is unfortunate that the present political problems in Nigeria was brought by some selfish Northern polical class.They are interested in their own gains at the detriment of the North and Nigeria in general.It is too late to stop Jonathan now.Obasanjo has planned it since when he imposed sick Yar'adua on us when OBJ can not actualize his third term plans directly.Now he is using GEJ for his gain.OBJ has broken the Northern political monopoly by using some selfish Northerns to destroy the North with their hands.Next is for GEJ to treat the Northerns just as Paul Biya of Cameroon has turned the Northern Cameroon to nothing from something under President Ahidjo.My only fear for Nigeria is bloody military coup could take place if PDP rig the coming elections.

Posted by sami on Sep 23 2010

Don't mind the foolish pple. They zone it by their constitution, God has re-zoned it by the hand of death.

Posted by TruthHurts on Sep 23 2010

How do you take a gentleman's agreement to court which infringes on your human right as a person. I need to see the law court that will stop him from contesting..As a Nigerian anyone has the right to stand..This stupid so-called northerners mediocre leaders from the North need to get their head tested and get a grip.The presidency is no tribes birth right

Posted by nigerian on Sep 23 2010

we dont only have northerners in dis country, their candidate just died if they hav a problem wit GEJ i advice them to to wake him up so he can carry their flag. Ibb committed alot of abomination in dis country ..... pls help me ask him wat he is looking for. Let change be given a chance we dont want a dictactor we want a leader and i think nigeria has found one. the young shall grow..... and the old shall die old men pls die urselves or allow the heat of this nation to kill u. Nigeria is owned by God and not by men who use their ill gotten wealth to oppress people.

Posted by nzeogwu on Sep 23 2010

Though I don’t have pdp constitution, but I suppose it entails rotational presidency by zoning. Was there any clause that any zone that produces the president or the president himself should rule for eight years? More so, did the pdp constitution envisaged death of any serving president, if not; the constitution is incoherent and can not stand in present Nigeria. I want completion and credibility of candidates not zoning. This zoning system is a means of gaining relevance without credibility and that is why they are looters.

Posted by Busy body on Sep 23 2010

In fairness to this zoning matter, did power rotate to the north in 2007? Yes! But the man died. In fairness to our conscience as humans, if it were to be a southerner that died and a northerner was sworn in, would the wise men of the north ask their son not to contest because it is turn of the south? I doubt it. Anyway, my opinion is that Nigeria should be divided. Let every one go back and control their resources. I would want to see how many of the wise men from the north would borrow money and provide good governance to their people(as in Singapore) where they don't have any natural resources. Even the experienced ones, will not have the will power to do so. It is clear that we claim to be one Nigeria not because we love and appreciate one another. It is because the south is blessed with natural resouces that translates into dollars and must be forced to remain a part of the entity Nigeria. Nigeria will do better if each zone becomes a country of its own. Leaders with economic will power will be voted into office and each zone will tap and develop its natural resources and develop itself, pay huge salaries to their lawmakers while their people live in penury? Until that is done, I'm sorry to say, we will not go anywhere as a nation. Even trivial issues are made big issues because of ethnicity, religion etc. To help ourselves and help one another, there should be a referendum let nigerians decide if they really need to continue as a nation. Even Israel, God's choosen people were divided at some point as recorded in the bible.

Posted by Do or Die on Sep 23 2010

This is what we want the foolish northerners to do. Incase they don't know they are digging their own grave. By clamouring for Zoning, they are making more and more Nigerians to dislike them.

Posted by edu on Sep 23 2010

I don't understand why these semi iliterates are running their mouth over nothing. If they feel cheated then they should leave PDP and join another party to enable them win the election. Is PDP now a northern party? These guys have been rulling for over 90% of the country's age. So what difference does it make make now if another tribe/region rules.

Gamma knife (Its good and wholesome)

(All attributed to the visibility of man)
...By Francis Dc

Why Gamma Knife^® surgery is the best choice
for treating brain tumors

Leksell Gamma Knife is the ONLY stereotactic radiosurgery system specifically approved for treating brain tumors, also known as brain metastases, based on long-term scientific proof. Here’s why leading neurosurgeons worldwide choose Gamma Knife surgery for their patients:

Accuracy is the single most
important aspect of SRS

• Gamma Knife radiosurgery sets the bar for accuracy, with guaranteed precision that enhances physician confidence and ensures patient safety.
• This superior level of accuracy is due to three factors:
  
  1. Gamma Knife was designed specifically to provide the very best radiosurgical treatment of brain tumors
  2. The radiation source never moves during operation
  3. The patient’s head is stationary
• When treating a target as delicate as the brain, neurosurgeons try to avoid any movement that might reduce accuracy. CyberKnife, a linear accelerator used to treat the whole body, has a continually moving arm.

Frameless neurosurgery is a myth

• Neurosurgeons will tell you that immobilizing the target – the patient’s head – is the first step in performing any type of brain surgery. The most widely used neurosurgical head frame – called a stereotactic frame – is manufactured by Elekta, and it’s the same stereotactic frame used with Gamma Knife surgery.
• CyberKnife claims that no head frame is required for stereotactic radiosurgery. Instead they use a claustrophobic mask that is pressed against the patient’s face for hours. And despite the constraint, their head can still move.

Reducing excess radiation to the body

• The Gamma Knife is designed so all radiation focuses into a single point within the brain and the shielding of the machine specifically protects the body from excess radiation.
• Excess radiation is not well-contained in the CyberKnife design, and its treatment delivers as much as 100 times more stray radiation compared to Gamma Knife radiosurgery.

Eliminating X-rays of the brain

• With Gamma Knife radiosurgery, a head frame is attached with temporary placement pins and the patient has a single MRI – the preferred method of imaging the brain. There are no X-rays.
• Because CyberKnife and other linac treatments recommend use of a face mask instead of a head frame, X-rays of the brain must be taken every two minutes during treatment to ensure the target hasn’t moved.² These added X-rays increase radiation exposure to the patient and lengthens treatment time.

Treating the body is different from
treating the brain

• Leksell Gamma Knife is specifically optimized for the brain. Because the head can be immobilized during Gamma Knife radiosurgery, physicians feel confident in the accuracy of their treatment and can use a single, high dose of radiation. Patients can return home the same day and resume normal activities.
• The body and its internal organs are virtually impossible to immobilize, requiring imaging throughout a linac treatment. The physician needs constant imaging to treat with confidence and often reduces the dose and increases the number of treatment sessions to compensate.

Unmatched clinical evidence and experience

• Gamma Knife radiosurgery has been used to treat over half a million people, with treatments documented in more than 2,000 peer-reviewed clinical papers…including one that tracks patients over a 15-year period.
• Leksell Gamma Knife is such an established standard of care that Medicare has designated a unique authorization code for radiosurgery on the Gamma Knife.
• CyberKnife has been in use for more than 15 years and has little or no clinical evidence for treating brain tumors.⁴ According to the system’s manufacturer, “the safety and effectiveness of the CyberKnife system for certain uses is not yet supported by long-term clinical data.”⁵
• This lack of long-term clinical data is why insurance companies are likely to decline or deny coverage for CyberKnife treatments. 
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•  WaveShield 2000 Gold Slim - Cell Phone Radiation Protection 
• Mushroom Kings

Babangida’s Campaigners From Abeokuta Chased by Students.

Irate students in Abeokuta, Ogun State yesterday disrupted a campaign rally for former military dictator Ibrahim Babangida. The students then chased away Babangida’s ragtag band of campaigners from the ancient town in the southwest state of Ogun.

The students, who are members of the National Association of Nigerian Students, mobilized from various higher institutions in the state and invaded the rally organized by supporters of the former dictator.


Arriving at the Ibara neighborhood where the rally was in progress, the students sent the few pro-Babangida campaigners packing. Several eyewitnesses disclosed that the demonstrating students sang anti-Babangida and student solidarity songs before tearing down Babangida's posters and dismantling canopies erected by the campaigners.



One source told Saharareporters that the Babangida supporters put up an initial resistance, then surrendered. “They were completely outnumbered by the students,” the source said.


Babangida, who ranks as one of the hated politicians in Nigeria, recently earned the widespread condemnation when he stated that Nigerian youth were not capable of running the country.


During his 8-year rule as a military dictator, Babangida closed down national universities for several months at a time, rusticated students, fired academics and routinely jailed popular professors as well as student activists opposed to his style of governance.


One of the protesting students told Saharareporters that the attack on Babangida’s rally “is part of our continuing protest over the fact that he annulled the election of an indigene of Ogun state, Bashorun M.K.O Abiola.” Abiola, a multi-millionaire telecommunications mogul, won the presidential post in an election on June 12, 1993 that was adjudged the most credible election in Nigeria’s history. But Babangida who claimed that he had to cancel the election in the interest of Nigeria’s unity scuttled Abiola’s presidency.


The streets of Abeokuta are not the only places where Babangida's ambition to run for office is facing mass resistance. Militants in the Niger Delta are also organizing to thwart his candidature.

Todays breaking news (things worth knowing)

An attribute of the visibility of man. Who can restore the glory and treasure God left among the human race. The necessary things one needs to know on daily basis.

Autopsy – Free listening, videos, concerts, stats, & pictures

Autopsy – Free listening, videos, concerts, stats, & pictures

Watch videos & listen to Autopsy: Charred Remains, Service for a Vacant Coffin & more, plus 28 pictures. 

                  BLADE AUTOPSY PK6 - BD Bard-Parker Nonsterile Autopsy Blade, No 60, BD Medical - Model 25861-001P

Autopsy in Medicine

An autopsy—also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy (particularly as to non-human animals), autopsia cadaverum, or obduction—is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist.

Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. For example, a forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and internal examination is conducted. Permission from next of kin may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is reconstituted by sewing it back together.

                  

Advantages of Autopsy

The principal aim of an autopsy is to determine the cause of death, the state of health of the person before he or she died, and whether any medical diagnosis and treatment before death was appropriate.
In most Western countries the number of autopsies performed in hospitals has been decreasing every year since 1955. Critics, including pathologist and former JAMA editor George Lundberg, have charged that the reduction in autopsies is negatively affecting the care delivered in hospitals, because when mistakes result in death, they are often not investigated and lessons therefore remain unlearned.
When a person has given permission in advance of their death, autopsies may also be carried out for the purposes of teaching or medical research.
An autopsy is frequently performed in cases of sudden death, where a doctor is not able to write a death certificate, or when death is believed to result from an unnatural cause. These examinations are performed under a legal authority (Medical Examiner or Coroner or Procurator Fiscal) and do not require the consent of relatives of the deceased. The most extreme example is the examination of murder victims, especially when medical examiners are looking for signs of death or the murder method, such as bullet wounds and exit points, signs of strangulation, or traces of poison. Many religions such as Judaism and Islam usually discourage the performing of autopsies on their adherents. Organizations such as Zaka in Israel and Misaskim in the USA generally guide families how to ensure that an unnecessary autopsy is not made.

In medicine

Autopsies are important in clinical medicine as they can identify medical error and assist continuous improvement.
A study that focused on myocardial infarction (heart attack) as a cause of death found significant errors of omission and commission, i.e. a sizable number cases ascribed to myocardial infarctions (MIs) were not MIs and a significant number of non-MIs were actually MIs.
A systematic review of studies of the autopsy calculated that in about 25% of autopsies a major diagnostic error will be revealed. However, this rate has decreased over time and the study projects that in a contemporary US institution, 8.4% to 24.4% of autopsies will detect major diagnostic errors.
A large meta-analysis suggested that approximately one third of death certificates are incorrect and that half of the autopsies performed produced findings that were not suspected before the person died. Also, it is thought that over one fifth of unexpected findings can only be diagnosed histologically, i.e. by biopsy or autopsy, and that approximately one quarter of unexpected findings, or 5% of all findings, are major and can similarly only be diagnosed from tissue.
One study found that "Autopsies revealed 171 missed diagnoses, including 21 cancers, 12 strokes, 11 myocardial infarctions, 10 pulmonary emboli, and 9 endocarditis, among others".
Focusing intubated patients, one study found "abdominal pathologic conditions--abscesses, bowel perforations, or infarction--were as frequent as pulmonary emboli as a cause of class I errors. While patients with abdominal pathologic conditions generally complained of abdominal pain, results of examination of the abdomen were considered unremarkable in most patients, and the symptom was not pursued".

In veterinary medicine

A field post-mortem exam of a ewe.

Post-mortem examination is far more common in veterinary medicine than in human medicine. For many species that exhibit few external symptoms (sheep), or that are not suited to detailed clinical examination (poultry, cage birds, zoo animals), it is a common method used by veterinarians to come to a diagnosis.

 Types

There are three main types of autopsies:

• Medico-Legal Autopsy or Forensic or coroner's autopsies seek to find the cause and manner of death and to identify the decedent. They are generally performed, as prescribed by applicable law, in cases of violent, suspicious or sudden deaths, deaths without medical assistance or during surgical procedures^.

• Clinical or Pathological autopsies are performed for to diagnose a perticular disease or research purposes. They aim to determine, clarify, or confirm medical diagnoses that remained unknown or unclear prior to the patient's death.

• Anatomical or academic autopsies are performed by students of anatomy for study purpose only.

 Forensic autopsy

Autopsy room of the Charité Berlin

A forensic autopsy is used to determine the cause of death. Forensic science involves the application of the sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system. In United States law, deaths are placed in one of five manners:

• Natural
• Accident
• Homicide
• Suicide
• Undetermined

In some jurisdictions, the Undetermined category may include deaths in absentia, such as deaths at sea and missing persons declared dead in a court of law; in others, such deaths are classified under "Other". But, medical examiners also attempt to determine the time of death, the exact cause of death, and what, if anything, preceded the death, such as a struggle. A forensic autopsy may include obtaining biological specimens from the deceased for toxicological testing, including stomach contents. Toxicology tests may reveal the presence of one or more chemical "poisons" (all chemicals, in sufficient quantities, can be classified as a poison) and, the quantity of those chemicals. Because post-mortem deterioration of the body, together with the gravitational pooling of bodily fluids, will necessarily alter the bodily environment, toxicology tests may overestimate, rather than underestimate, the quantity of the suspected chemical. http://www.relentlessdefense.com/autopsy.html
Most states require the State medical examiner to complete an autopsy report and many mandate that the autopsy be videotaped.
Following an in-depth examination of all the evidence, a medical examiner or coroner will assign a manner of death as one of the five listed above, and detail the evidence on the mechanism of the death.

Clinical autopsy

Clinical autopsies serve two major purposes. They are performed to gain more insight into pathological processes and determine what factors contributed to a patient's death. Autopsies are also performed to ensure the standard of care at hospitals. Autopsies can yield insight into how patient deaths can be prevented in the future.
Within the United Kingdom, clinical autopsies can only be carried out with the consent of the family of the deceased person as opposed to a medico-legal autopsy instructed by a Coroner (England & Wales) or Procurator Fiscal (Scotland) to which the family cannot object.

Prevalence

In 2004 in England and Wales, there were 514,000 deaths of which 225,500 were referred to the coroner. Of those, 115,800 (22.5%) resulted in post-mortem examinations and there were 28,300 inquests, 570 with a jury.
In the United States, autopsy rates fell from 17% in 1980 to 14% in 1985 and 11.5% in 1989, although the figures vary notably from county to county.

A new artificial heart recommended (All attributed to the visibility of man)

Researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center are testing a briefcase-size power and monitoring device that allows patients with a temporary artificial heart to wait at home for a heart transplant.
As it is now, patients with an artificial heart implant waiting for a donor heart must remain in the hospital tethered to a large console that powers and monitors the artificial heart. A shortage of organs for transplant means the wait for a donor heart can last for months to more than a year.
SynCardia Systems Inc., maker of the Total Artificial Heart, developed the smaller device, called the Freedom, as an option to its larger, 418-pound console driver, called Big Blue.
The new, portable device weighs about 14 pounds and can be worn in a backpack or shoulder bag -- so patients have more freedom of movement.
With the smaller one, "we will be able to discharge stable patients away from the hospital to await their transplant," said Dr. Michael Hess, director of the VCU Pauley Heart Center.
VCU is leading a national clinical trial using the portable device. The trial hopes to enroll a total of 60 patients at as many as 30 medical centers, officials said.
VCU did its first artificial heart implant surgery in 2006 and has now performed 42. According to VCU officials, 85 percent of those patients survived until they got a transplant, and 90 percent were alive a year after the heart transplant.
The Total Artificial Heart replaces patients' heart ventricles and valves. Tubes extend from the device through the chest wall and attach to the driver -- which monitors, powers and operates the implant, delivering pulses of pneumatic pressure to it.

A report from Francis Chukwu 

Horrors in Nyanya-Maraba Road

6 dead, and several others injured in Abuja road accident

Friday, 10 September 2010

Six people have been confirmed dead and several others injured in a multiple accident on Wednesday, on Nyanya-Maraba road in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).
Mr Funmibi Olawoyi of the FCT sector command told the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) on Thursday, that the accident occurred when a tanker, loaded with fuel with registration number ST 861 FKG, ran into 10 vehicles as a result of brake failure.
Mr Ohepo Ugbo, FRSC Unit Commander in Nyanya, said that the incident occurred around 5p.m.
He said that six people died on the spot while several others sustained varying degree of injury. One of the vehicles with registration number BM 130KUJ that was involved in the accident.
“We made spirited efforts to rescue the victims to no avail because our fire extinguishers were not enough,” Ugbo said and urged the Federal Government to do something to prevent the incessant accidents on the road.
NAN reported that the remains of those who lost their lives as well as those who sustained injuries had been taken to Asokoro hospital.

Antiretroviral Therapy (Only remedy for AIDS)

 Attributed to the visibility of man

ScienceDaily (Apr. 29, 2010) — New research shows that Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) continues to dramatically reduce rates of mortality from HIV infection in high-income countries, such that non-AIDS-related deaths exceed AIDS deaths after approximately four years of taking ART.

The study, by researchers from the University of Bristol and a large group of international collaborators, examined data from the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC) which involved nearly 40,000 patients who started ART between 1996 and 2006 in Europe and North America.

Of the 1,876 deaths that occurred in that time, a definitive cause of death could be assigned to 85% of cases. Overall, almost 50% of patients died from AIDS which remains the most common cause of death.

However, although during the first year of treatment with ART the majority of deaths were AIDS-related, because deaths from AIDS decline with time for patients on ART, non-AIDS-related deaths exceeded AIDS deaths after patients had been taking ART for approximately four years.

Lifestyle-related causes of death such as suicide, drug overdose and liver disease (mainly due to hepatitis) were the most frequent causes (15%) of non-AIDS deaths, and the most common non-AIDS cancer reported was lung cancer (4% of all deaths and 37% of all non-AIDS cancer deaths) which was probably associated with smoking.

Increases in rates of deaths from causes associated with aging, such as other cancers (12%) and cardiovascular disease (6.5%), imply that the process of aging will become a dominant factor in HIV mortality in the next decade.

Dr Margaret May, corresponding author on the paper published online in Clinical Infectious Diseases said, "We also found a strong inverse association of rates of AIDS death with CD4 counts -- a measure of immune deficiency -- at the time of starting ART, which supports arguments for earlier initiation of ART."

After the year 2000, the team found lower rates of AIDS deaths that may be the result of newer ART regimens having better potency and tolerability.

Interventions to address risk factors for lifestyle-related causes of death, as well as monitoring for and care of diseases associated with old age will be necessary if the full benefit of ART in decreasing mortality is to continue in the second decade of ART.

But till when shall this menace of HIV infection come to an end? 

Human Cadaver (All attributed to visibility of man)

A cadaver, corpse or lich is a dead human body. The Latin term cadaver is normally used for a body in medical training or research.


The various stages of decomposition can help determine how long a body has been dead.
The first stage is self digestion, and is where the body eats itself, also known as autolysis. This happens when the cells break down the body into elements the cells can eat; this creates a liquid that gets between the layers of skin and makes the skin peel off. During this stage, flies (when present) start to lay eggs in the openings of the body: eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, open wounds, and other orifices. Hatched larvae (maggots) of blowflies subsequently get under the skin and start to eat the body.
The second stage of decomposition is bloating; bacteria in the gut begin to break down the tissues of the body, releasing gas that accumulates in the intestines, which becomes trapped due to the early collapse of the small intestine. This bloating occurs largely in the abdomen, and sometimes in the mouth and genitals. The tongue may swell and the penis may become hard and long. This usually happens in about the second week of decomposition. Gas accumulation and bloating will continue until the body is decomposed sufficiently for the gas to escape.
The third stage is putrefaction. It is the last and longest stage. Putrefaction is where the larger structures of the body break down, and tissues liquefy. The digestive organs, the brain, and lungs are the first to disintegrate. Under normal conditions, the organs are unidentifiable after three weeks. The muscles can be eaten by bacteria or devoured by carnivorous animals. Eventually, sometimes after several years, all that remains is the skeleton.

When a corpse is buried, the body will decompose by the actions of anaerobic bacteria. In many countries, corpses buried in coffins are embalmed. An embalmer may clean and shave the face, fill the eye sockets with cotton to make them appear full, and suture the jaw together to keep it from hanging open. Embalming fluid is then pumped into the body via an artery (commonly carotid, or femoral). This rehydrates the tissues and severely reduces the pace of decomposition.
Embalming is used to preserve the corpse temporarily, but may last for years. In some countries, such as the United States and Japan, make-up is applied to the corpse to prepare the body for public presentation. The corpse is then ready to go into the coffin. The embalmers then lower the corpse into the coffin, and then lower the coffin into the grave.

It's Horrible

Words cannot always appropriately express the horrible things that people do to each other, and to themselves. We've acquired a large collection of brutal, horrible crime scene photos from the 1930's. If you were somehow under the delusion that crime has gotten worse in recent decades, this will prove otherwise.


Medical nasties Mother nature, though, must hold some of the blame for human suffering. We present some of the worst that she has to offer us. This is what a roundworm infection can look like.

MOUAU ADMISSION LIST 2011/2011

For all prospective students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, who are still expecting their names to be shortlisted should log on to the school site, and provide your jamb registration number.

HIV patients (Drug remedy)

         

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Sweat and HIV AIDS (Infectious?)

Requirements for Transmission to Occur

Three conditions must be met for HIV transmission to occur:

1. HIV must be present...

Infection can only happen if one of the persons involved is infected with HIV. Some people assume that certain behaviors (such as anal sex) cause AIDS, even if HIV is not present. This is not true.

2. ...in sufficient quantity...

The concentration of HIV determines whether infection may happen. In blood, for example, the virus is very concentrated. A small amount of blood is enough to infect someone. A much larger amount of other body fluids is needed for HIV transmission.

3. ...and it must get into the bloodstream.

It is not enough to come into contact with an infected fluid to become infected. Healthy, unbroken skin does not allow HIV to get into the body; it is an excellent barrier to HIV infection. HIV can enter only through an open cut or sore, or through contact with the mucous membranes in the anus and rectum, the genitals, the mouth, and the eyes.
The next two topics discuss the second and third requirements.

Where is HIV Found in the Body?

Looking at the first two conditions for HIV transmission (HIV present and in sufficient quantity), let's examine some of the so-called "bodily fluids" that can contain HIV.

Infectious "Bodily Fluids"

HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through:

• Blood (including menstrual blood)
• Semen
• Vaginal secretions
• Breast milk

Blood contains the highest concentration of the virus, followed closely by semen, followed by vaginal fluids. These are the three basic fluids that infect adults with HIV.
The risk from these fluids can be worsened or lessened depending on how they get into someone else's body, which we will discuss below.
Breast milk can contain a high concentration of the virus, but in this situation, transmissibility depends on who and how. An adult can ingest a small amount of breast milk at minimal risk. But an infant, with its very small body and newly forming immune system, consumes vast quantities of breast milk relative to its body weight. Therefore an infant is at risk from breast milk, whereas an adult probably is not.

Possibly Infectious "Bodily Fluids"

HIV might be transmitted from an infected person to another through:

• pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum)

Pre-seminal fluid is a clear fluid that lubricates men's urethras. It is produced by a different gland than semen. Pre-seminal fluid can contain small amounts of HIV, and so there is a potential risk. However, in practice, the risk is much, much lower than that from blood, semen or vaginal fluid. As in all transmission situations, risk depends on where the fluid is going.

Non-Infectious "Bodily Fluids"

• Saliva
• Tears
• Sweat
• Feces
• Urine

These fluids and substances cannot transmit HIV. Sweat contains no HIV.
The other fluids do not contain enough HIV to infect another person. This is regardless of how they get into the bloodstream. No cases of HIV transmission have ever been documented as a result of these substances. See below for more information.

Ways of Preventing HIV from Entering the Body

• Protective sex (i.e. wearing a condom when having sex)
• Not sharing needles
• Masturbation
• Abstention from sex

Please see the sections on Reducing the Risk of Getting HIV from Sexual Activities and from Injection Drug Use for additional information.

HIV Remedy
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The visibility of man

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